Abstract: After his demotion to Huangzhou, Su Shi produced many literary masterpieces. The Rhapsody on the Red Cliff is an outstanding example. It inherited many of the stylistic traditions of rhapsodies from the Pre-Qin and Han eras, including quasi-dialogue, enumerative cataloguing of ideas or images, parallel constructions, admixture of rhymed and prose expressions, use of objects as metaphors, and concluding with moral or philosophical pronouncements. It also broke new grounds by borrowing, transplanting, grafting and absorbing the characteristics and stylistic devices of the ancient prose, and by thus "making rhapsody out of prose", gave birth to a new style. The "Red Cliff" that Su Shi visited might not have been the site of the eponymous battle in the Three Kingdoms era. The rhapsody, then, would be akin to an artistic allegory in the tradition of "banana trees in the snow" that deftly expresses a realm of meaning beyond the plain words on the page. Influenced by his father, Su Shi believed deeply that literature must reflect the ills of contemporary society. His scholarship was grounded in Confucianism, while integrating his consummate knowledge of the Laozi, Zhuangzi, and Buddhism (including Chan Buddhism). Elements of the Laozi, Zhuangzi, Surangama Sutra, and On the Immutability of Things can all be traced in the Rhapsody on the Red Cliff. A handwritten copy of the Rhapsody by Su Shi himself, now housed in the Palace Museum in Taipei, carries the line "the wonders of nature are for the nourishment of you and I", which is an expansion of the expression "form is nourishment for the eyes, sound is nourishment for the ears" in the Mahatejas Dharani Sutra. In short, much of the novel combination of stylistic devices and its integration of different philosophies in this rhapsody originated from the poet's creative thinking, which may be the source of the innovative originality of this literary masterpiece.
Keywords: Rhapsody on the Red Cliff, stylistic deviation, Anders-streben, innovation, interpretation, Su Shi